EGE UNIVERSITY Lifelong Learning Programme

Description of Individual Course Units

Course Unit Code	Course Unit Title	Type of Course Unit	Year of Study	Semester	Number of ECTS Credits
300001582015	PHYSIOLOGY	Compulsory	1	2	0

Level of Course Unit

First Cycle and Second Cycle

Objectives of the Course

The aim of Pharmacognosy I course, is to provide students to recognize the concepts of Pharmacognosy and by comprehending the historical development , it is aimed for students to be able to provide a benchmark and be able to criticize the current status of Pharmacognosy. In addition, Pharmacognosy course aims to provide students to be capable of comparing the drugs of biological origin and be able to explain production methods and standardisation and quality control methods for biologically originated drugs. It is also intended for students to gain the ability to identify the natural sources and drugs of carbohydrates as primary metabolic products and be able to establish the relationship between the structure of active constituents and effects on human health. The practical studies of Pharmacognosy I course supplies students to be able to identify the anatomical characteristics (starch, hairs, crstals etc.) of drugs of pharmaceutical importance.

Name of Lecturer(s)

Prof.Dr. M. Ali ÖNÜR, Prof. Dr. Bijen KIVÇAK, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nehir SOMER, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Hüsniye KAYALAR, Assist. Prof. Dr. G. İrem KAYA

Learning Outcomes

1	Farmakognozi kavramını tanıma, Farmakognozi’nin tarihsel gelişimini kavrayarak, güncel durumunu eleştirip, değerlendirebilme
2	Biyolojik kaynaklı ilaçları ve biyolojik üretim yöntemlerini kavrayabilme ve birbiriyle karşılaştırabilme
3	Biyolojik kaynaklı ilaçların standardizasyonu ve farmakopelerdeki kalite kontrollerine ait hususları açıklayabilme
4	Drogların içerdiği etkin bileşikler ile insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri arasında ilişki kurabilme
5	Primer metabolizma ürünlerinden karbonhidratları (monosakkarit, disakkarit ve polisakkarit) içeren doğal kaynakları ve drogları tanıyabilme, metabolizmaları, etkileri ve kullanımlarını açıklayabilme
6	Eczacılık açısından önemli bitkisel drogların temel anatomik özelliklerini (nişasta, tüy, kristal gibi) tanıyıp, çizerek ifade edebilme, karşılaştırrarak ayırdedebilme

Mode of Delivery

Face to Face

Prerequisites and co-requisities

None

Recommended Optional Programme Components

None

Course Contents

Definition and historical development of Pharmacognosy , biologically derived drugs and biological production methods, utilization of wild Plants and culture of medicinal plants, preparation of drugs of plants, use of animals for the production of biologically derived drugs and medicines, packaging, storage and trasportation of biologically derived drugs and medicines, drug manufacturer countries and commerce of drugs, standardisation of biologically originated drugs and medicines, general physical and chemical properties of carbohyhdrates, drugs of monosaccharide as active constituents ,monosaccharide derivatives, substances metabolically related with sugars, lactic acid producing microorganisms, general properties of oligosaccharides, homogenous polysaccharides, heterogenous polysaccharides

Weekly Detailed Course Contents

Week	Theoretical	Practice	Laboratory
1	Definition and Historical development of Pharmacognosy Empirical Period Scientific Period High Technology Period	Use of microscope, recognizing parts of microscope, reagents used in laboratory practices
2	Drugs of biological origin and Biological production methods Microbiological Culture Method Cell Suspension and Tissue Culture Method Recombinant DNA technology and Biyotechnological Production	Microscobical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of starch drugs
3	Utilization of Wild Plants and Culture of Medicinal Plants Utilization of wild plants Agricultural safety rules for medicinal plants Medicinal plant factors affecting the culture Environmental factors Agricultural Practices	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of gums and mucilages
4	Preparation of drugs from plants Determining the parts of plants to be collected Determining the time of harvest Type of harvest, selecting and purifying Evaluation of product Stabilisation Bourquelot Method Perrot-Goris Method Modified Perrot-Goris Method Method of hot air contact Methods underconstruction Drying Process Drying under air with sunlight Drying under air in shadow light Lyophilization Methods under construction Use of animals for the production of biologically derived drugs and medicines Packaging, storage and transportation of biologically derived drugs and medicines Packaging Storage and safekeeping Transportation Drug manufacturer countries and commerce of drugs	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with crystals
5	Contamination of plant drugs Contamination with microoganisms Contamination with heavy metals Contamination with pesticides Contamination with radioactive substances Contamination with insects and rodents Standardisation of biologicallly originated drugs and medicines	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with hairs (trichome)
6	General physical and chemical properties of carbohyhdrates Drugs of monosaccharides as active constituents • Honey • Cleaned Honey • Bee poison • Propolis • Pollen • Mad Honey • Royal Jelly	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with glandular hairs
7	Drugs of monosaccharides as active constituents • Tamarind pulp • Succus Cerasi-Cherry Syrup • Succus Rubi Idaeı-Raspberry Syrup • Succus Mori-Mulberry Syrup • Figs Monosaccharide • Glucose • Fructose • Xylose • Galactose	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with internal secretory organs
8	Midterm exam	Midterm exam
9	Monosaccharide Derivatives -Polyalcohols Glycerol Xylitol Sorbitol Mannitol, Manna, Manna Ash Inositol, phytin • Uronic acid • Sugar Esters • Sugar amines - Onic acid	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with particular epidermis and stomata
10	Substances metabolically related with sugars o Wine Tartness of wine and potassium tartrate o Potassium bitartrate -Tartaric acid • Vinegar • Alcohol • Acetic Acid • Citric Acid o Sodium Citrate o Calcium Citrate o Potassium Citrate • Lactic acid Sodium lactate Calcium lactate o Calcium Sodium Lactate o Potassium Lactate Solution	Microscobical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with particular cell wall thickening
11	Lactic acid producing microorganisms - Gluconic acid -Calcium Gluconate -Ferrogluconate -Potassium Gluconate - Calcium Levulinate -Calcium gluceptate	Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of flowering structures
12	General properties of oligosaccharides Sucrose Caramel Lactose Laktulose Maltose	Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices
13	Homogenous polysaccharides -Inulin -Cellulose -Gossypium Depuratum -Piroksisilin -Kollodyon -Cellulose Derivatives • Other polysaccharides similar to cellulose	Compllementary laboratory practice according to previous practices
14	Homogenous polysaccharides Polysaccharides Obtained from Microorganisms - Dextran - Xanthan - Lentinan -Microcroorganism derived poliosides used for other industrial purposes -Algal Polysaccharides -Alginic Acid and Alginates -Carrageen -Agar	Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices
15	Heterogenous polysaccharides -Gums -Gummi Tragacanthae -Gummi Arabicum Neutral mucilages -Ceratonia siliqua (Goat Horn) -Semen Foenugraeci • Heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides (acidic mucilages) Plantaginaceae Mucilages Malvales Mucilages o Other drugs containing mucilages • Pectins	Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices
16	Final exam	Final exam