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Description of Individual Course UnitsCourse Unit Code | Course Unit Title | Type of Course Unit | Year of Study | Semester | Number of ECTS Credits | 300001582015 | PHYSIOLOGY | Compulsory | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Level of Course Unit | First Cycle and Second Cycle | Objectives of the Course | The aim of Pharmacognosy I course, is to provide students to recognize the concepts of Pharmacognosy and by comprehending the historical development , it is aimed for students to be able to provide a benchmark and be able to criticize the current status of Pharmacognosy. In addition, Pharmacognosy course aims to provide students to be capable of comparing the drugs of biological origin and be able to explain production methods and standardisation and quality control methods for biologically originated drugs. It is also intended for students to gain the ability to identify the natural sources and drugs of carbohydrates as primary metabolic products and be able to establish the relationship between the structure of active constituents and effects on human health. The practical studies of Pharmacognosy I course supplies students to be able to identify the anatomical characteristics (starch, hairs, crstals etc.) of drugs of pharmaceutical importance. | Name of Lecturer(s) | Prof.Dr. M. Ali ÖNÜR, Prof. Dr. Bijen KIVÇAK, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nehir SOMER, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Hüsniye KAYALAR, Assist. Prof. Dr. G. İrem KAYA | Learning Outcomes | 1 | Farmakognozi kavramını tanıma, Farmakognozi’nin tarihsel gelişimini kavrayarak, güncel durumunu eleştirip, değerlendirebilme | 2 | Biyolojik kaynaklı ilaçları ve biyolojik üretim yöntemlerini kavrayabilme ve birbiriyle karşılaştırabilme | 3 | Biyolojik kaynaklı ilaçların standardizasyonu ve farmakopelerdeki kalite kontrollerine ait hususları açıklayabilme | 4 | Drogların içerdiği etkin bileşikler ile insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri arasında ilişki kurabilme | 5 | Primer metabolizma ürünlerinden karbonhidratları (monosakkarit, disakkarit ve polisakkarit) içeren doğal kaynakları ve drogları tanıyabilme, metabolizmaları, etkileri ve kullanımlarını açıklayabilme | 6 | Eczacılık açısından önemli bitkisel drogların temel anatomik özelliklerini (nişasta, tüy, kristal gibi) tanıyıp, çizerek ifade edebilme, karşılaştırrarak ayırdedebilme |
| Mode of Delivery | Face to Face | Prerequisites and co-requisities | None | Recommended Optional Programme Components | None | Course Contents | Definition and historical development of Pharmacognosy , biologically derived drugs and biological production methods, utilization of wild Plants and culture of medicinal plants, preparation of drugs of plants, use of animals for the production of biologically derived drugs and medicines, packaging, storage and trasportation of biologically derived drugs and medicines, drug manufacturer countries and commerce of drugs, standardisation of biologically originated drugs and medicines, general physical and chemical properties of carbohyhdrates, drugs of monosaccharide as active constituents ,monosaccharide derivatives, substances metabolically related with sugars, lactic acid producing microorganisms, general properties of oligosaccharides, homogenous polysaccharides, heterogenous polysaccharides
| Weekly Detailed Course Contents | |
1 | Definition and Historical development of Pharmacognosy
Empirical Period
Scientific Period
High Technology Period | Use of microscope, recognizing parts of microscope, reagents used in laboratory practices | | 2 | Drugs of biological origin and Biological production methods
Microbiological Culture Method
Cell Suspension and Tissue Culture Method
Recombinant DNA technology and Biyotechnological Production | Microscobical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of starch drugs | | 3 | Utilization of Wild Plants and Culture of Medicinal Plants
Utilization of wild plants
Agricultural safety rules for medicinal plants
Medicinal plant factors affecting the culture
Environmental factors
Agricultural Practices | Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of gums and mucilages | | 4 | Preparation of drugs from plants
Determining the parts of plants to be collected
Determining the time of harvest
Type of harvest, selecting and purifying
Evaluation of product
Stabilisation
Bourquelot Method
Perrot-Goris Method
Modified Perrot-Goris Method
Method of hot air contact
Methods underconstruction
Drying Process
Drying under air with sunlight
Drying under air in shadow light
Lyophilization
Methods under construction
Use of animals for the production of biologically derived drugs and medicines
Packaging, storage and transportation of biologically derived drugs and medicines
Packaging
Storage and safekeeping
Transportation
Drug manufacturer countries and commerce of drugs
| Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with crystals | | 5 | Contamination of plant drugs
Contamination with microoganisms
Contamination with heavy metals
Contamination with pesticides
Contamination with radioactive substances
Contamination with insects and rodents
Standardisation of biologicallly originated drugs and medicines
| Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with hairs (trichome) | | 6 | General physical and chemical properties of carbohyhdrates
Drugs of monosaccharides as active constituents
• Honey
• Cleaned Honey
• Bee poison
• Propolis
• Pollen
• Mad Honey
• Royal Jelly | Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with glandular hairs | | 7 | Drugs of monosaccharides as active constituents
• Tamarind pulp
• Succus Cerasi-Cherry Syrup
• Succus Rubi Idaeı-Raspberry Syrup
• Succus Mori-Mulberry Syrup
• Figs
Monosaccharide
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Xylose
• Galactose | Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with internal secretory organs | | 8 | Midterm exam | Midterm exam | | 9 | Monosaccharide Derivatives
-Polyalcohols
Glycerol
Xylitol
Sorbitol
Mannitol, Manna, Manna Ash
Inositol, phytin
• Uronic acid
• Sugar Esters
• Sugar amines
- Onic acid | Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with particular epidermis and stomata | | 10 | Substances metabolically related with sugars
o Wine
Tartness of wine and potassium tartrate
o Potassium bitartrate
-Tartaric acid
• Vinegar
• Alcohol
• Acetic Acid
• Citric Acid
o Sodium Citrate
o Calcium Citrate
o Potassium Citrate
• Lactic acid
Sodium lactate
Calcium lactate
o Calcium Sodium Lactate
o Potassium Lactate Solution | Microscobical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of drugs with particular cell wall thickening | | 11 | Lactic acid producing microorganisms
- Gluconic acid
-Calcium Gluconate
-Ferrogluconate
-Potassium Gluconate
- Calcium Levulinate
-Calcium gluceptate | Microscopical identification, discrimination, macroscopical and organoleptic analysis of flowering structures | | 12 | General properties of oligosaccharides
Sucrose
Caramel
Lactose
Laktulose
Maltose | Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices | | 13 | Homogenous polysaccharides
-Inulin
-Cellulose
-Gossypium Depuratum
-Piroksisilin
-Kollodyon
-Cellulose Derivatives
• Other polysaccharides similar to cellulose | Compllementary laboratory practice according to previous practices | | 14 | Homogenous polysaccharides
Polysaccharides Obtained from Microorganisms
- Dextran
- Xanthan
- Lentinan
-Microcroorganism derived poliosides used for other industrial purposes
-Algal Polysaccharides
-Alginic Acid and Alginates
-Carrageen
-Agar
| Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices | | 15 | Heterogenous polysaccharides
-Gums
-Gummi Tragacanthae
-Gummi Arabicum
Neutral mucilages
-Ceratonia siliqua (Goat Horn)
-Semen Foenugraeci
• Heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides (acidic mucilages)
Plantaginaceae Mucilages
Malvales Mucilages
o Other drugs containing mucilages
• Pectins | Complementary laboratory work according to previous practices | | 16 | Final exam | Final exam | |
| Recommended or Required Reading | 1.Course note: Pharmacognosy I Lecture Notes-Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy
2. Farmakognozi, Mekin Tanker, Nevin Taker; Ankara Üniversity Faculty of Pharmacy Publishing No:66-1 (1991)
3. Bitkisel Drogların Anatomik Yapısı, Asuman Baytop, İstanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy Publishing (1972)
4.Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry Medicinal Plants,2nd Edition; J. Bruneton, 1999
5.Pharmacognosie, Phytopharmazie, 8.Auflage; R. Haensel, O. Sticher 2007 (in German) ISBN-10 3-540-34256-7, ISBN-13 978-3-540-34265-4
| Planned Learning Activities and Teaching Methods | Activities are given in detail in the section of "Assessment Methods and Criteria" and "Workload Calculation" | Assessment Methods and Criteria | | Language of Instruction | Turkish | Work Placement(s) | None |
| Workload Calculation | |
Midterm Examination | 1 | 1 | 1 | Final Examination | 1 | 1 | 1 | Quiz | 3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | Attending Lectures | 14 | 2 | 28 | Practice | 14 | 3 | 42 | Report Preparation | 14 | 2 | 28 | Individual Study for Mid term Examination | 1 | 30 | 30 | Individual Study for Final Examination | 1 | 40 | 40 | Individual Study for Quiz | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes | | * Contribution Level : 1 Very low 2 Low 3 Medium 4 High 5 Very High |
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Ege University, Bornova - İzmir / TURKEY • Phone: +90 232 311 10 10 • e-mail: intrec@mail.ege.edu.tr |
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